Acknowledgments
ASP is profoundly grateful to all those who participated in the study for generously giving their time and sharing their experiences during interviews, validation meetings and workshops. We particularly thank the male victims/survivors of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) whose reflections about their experiences of accessing healthcare form the basis of this report. We are grateful to the Network of Women Victims and Professionals (Red de Mujeres Víctimas y Profesionales, RMVP) and the Focal Groups of Male Victims of Sexual Violence for their role in convening the victims and informing the research design.
We would also like to acknowledge the valuable contributions and expertise of Elisabet le Roux, Research Director at the Unit for Religion and Development Research, Stellenbosch University, including her role in training data collectors for this study and for supporting data analysis and drafting of this report. We are also grateful to Zandra Morales and Marcela Romero for providing psychological support during the workshops with victims/survivors in Colombia and to Rosa Rodríguez for supporting the transcription of interviews.
ASP is grateful to members of the Research Advisory Group (RAG) for their support and guidance during the multi-country, survivor-centred research project of which this report on Colombia is a part. Aimé Moninga, Nadine Tunasi, Pieter Ventevogel, Eva Deplecker, Fatma Hacioglu, Corine Ornella Charlotte Mboumoua, Murielle Volpellier, Esther Dingemans and Jennifer Rumbach have provided valuable insights during the entire project. ASP is grateful to its Advisory Board Member María Susana Peralta and RAG member Nadine Tunasi for their feedback on this report and to Angie Carrascal, Sexual Violence Referent at Médecins Sans Frontières, for her review of this report.
Cover illustration: Brian Stauffer
© 2023 All Survivors Project
Acronyms
CESCR – (UN) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
CNMH – National Centre for Historical Memory (Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica)
CRAV – Regional Centre for Attention and Reparation to Victims (Centros Regionales de Atención y Reparación a Víctimas)
CRSV – Conflict-related Sexual Violence
EPS – Health Promoting Entity (Entidad Promotora de Salud)
EREG – Emotional Recovery Strategy at Group Level
FARC-EP – Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia — People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo)
GBV – Gender-based Violence
IASC – Inter-Agency Standing Committee
ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR – International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
I/NGO – International / non-governmental organisation
INMLCF – National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses)
IPS – Service-providing Institution (Institución Prestadora de Servicios)
JEP – Special Jurisdiction for Peace (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz)
LGBTI+ – Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex
MHPSS – Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
NSAG – Non-state Armed Group
PAPSIVI – Programme of Psychosocial Support and Holistic Health Care for Victims (Programa de Atención Psicosocial y Salud Integral a Víctimas)
PEP – Post-exposure prophylaxis
RUV – Single Registry of Victims (Registro Único de Víctimas)
SGSSS – General Social Security Health System (Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud)
SIVIGILA – National Public Health Surveillance System (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública)
SNARIV – National System for Comprehensive Victim Support and Reparation (Sistema Nacional de Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas)
SOGIESC – Sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and/or sex characteristics
STI – Sexually transmitted infection
Victims Unit – Unit for Attention and Comprehensive Reparation for Victims (Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas)
Executive Summary
This is the second report from All Survivors Project (ASP) published as part of a multi-country project on survivor-centred healthcare for male victims/survivors of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV). The report is based on research conducted in Colombia, a country which has experienced decades of armed conflict and where, despite a 2016 peace agreement, insecurity persists. While women and girls have been disproportionally affected by CRSV, men and boys are also among the victims.
The research, carried out during 2022, explored the availability of and access to timely, quality health responses for male victims/survivors of CRSV, including those with diverse sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and/or sex characteristics (SOGIESC), their experiences of healthcare services, and the extent to which services are survivor-centred. It focused on 8 conflict-affected departments in five of Colombia’s six regions and included in-depth interviews with 10 male victims/survivors of CRSV and 34 stakeholders from healthcare and related sectors (key informants). The research was aimed at:
- understanding the healthcare needs and experiences of health responses of men and boy victims/survivors of CRSV.
- understanding the provision of healthcare services and practices of healthcare providers in supporting male victims/survivors and the barriers the latter face.
- exploring what a survivor-centred approach to healthcare means for victims/survivors and healthcare providers, and how it is applied in relation to male victims/survivors of CRSV.
- developing recommendations on how to strengthen survivor-centred healthcare for male victims/survivors of CRSV.
Harms suffered by victims/survivors of CRSV
Harms resulting from CRSV are varied, complex, and frequently long-lasting, affecting individual victims/survivors and often also extending to partners, children and broader communities. Key informants described numerous, severe physical, psychological and socio-economic consequences experienced by victims/survivors of CRSV, while interviewed male victims/survivors spoke about the harms that they had suffered, and in many cases continue to endure.
Many physical consequences of CRSV were highlighted including physical injuries that were a direct consequence of rape or other forms of sexual violence, in some cases resulting in severe consequences for long-term sexual and reproductive health or even death.
Victims/survivors described requiring emergency medical interventions for injuries resulting from anal penetration. Beatings and other violence accompanying sexual violence had also resulted in physical harms including head injuries; vision and auditory problems, in one case causing near blindness; broken and missing teeth; broken and fractured bones; and permanent scarring. Some victims/survivors described suffering from chronic pain and, in some cases the severity of the attacks had left them with physical disabilities. Others had contracted sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a result of the CRSV.
Reported psychological and psychosocial harms were also severe and long-lasting. Psychological symptoms described included depression, anxiety and feelings of hopelessness. Several victims/survivors spoke of having had suicidal thoughts, and several had attempted suicide. Others described experiencing anger, frustration, aggression and fear, as well as disturbed sleep and intrusive thoughts.
Although such symptoms are not unique to male victims/survivors, the way in which harms resulting from CRSV manifest and are displayed can differ according to sex or gender. A key informant explained that in her experience working as a GBV/protection specialist for an INGO, men often exhibit different symptoms from female victims/survivors. This and other similar observations are borne out by academic studies which have found that, while anxiety and depression are more common among female victims/survivors, male victims/survivors often display externalising behaviours, such as antisocial behaviour and substance abuse.
In terms of socio-economic impacts, CRSV is a well-established driver of forced displacement in Colombia where it has been used as a tactic by armed actors to force civilians to leave their places of origin. Approximately half of the interviewed victims/survivors reported having been displaced as a direct result of the CRSV they suffered. This experience of displacement compounded the physical and psychological trauma of CRSV, resulted in the loss of homes, land and livestock and other forms of income, as well as family and social networks. Several victims/survivors who had been subjected to CRSV told ASP that they found it difficult to work or to complete their studies after experiencing CRSV. Those who experienced CRSV as children were often unable to complete their education.
The right to health and barriers to accessing survivor-centred healthcare
The right to health is established in law in Colombia, as reflected in its ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other international and regional treaties, and enshrined in the Constitution and in legislation which establishes, as part of the right to health, the elements of availability, acceptability, accessibility and quality.[1]
In law, victims of armed conflict, including of CRSV, are considered “subjects of special protection” and are entitled to priority access to the psychological and psychiatric care they need,[2] whose medical needs should be treated as a priority and free of charge, and who should be provided with psychosocial care for as long as required.[3]
Victims/survivors of CRSV are also entitled to reparations for harms suffered under Colombia’s domestic reparations programme established under the 2011 the Victims and Land Restitution Law (known as the Victims Law) and coordinated by the “Victims Unit”. Among the provisions in the Victims Law was the establishment of the Programme of Psychosocial and Integral Health Care for Victims (PAPSIVI), to provide non-emergency health care as well as physical, mental, and/or psychosocial rehabilitation, to victims of the armed conflict.
Despite these and other arrangements, accessing timely, quality healthcare services is challenging for many victims/survivors of CRSV in Colombia. Of the 10 male victims/survivors interviewed only one sought medical care within 72 hours of being subjected to CRSV, and most sought healthcare only many years (in some cases decades) after the incident.
There was consensus among all those interviewed (victims/survivors and key informants) that unless urgent medical treatment for serious physical injuries is required, male victims/survivors typically do not seek healthcare and that, even where medical treatment is sought, men and boys generally do not disclose the real reason for their injuries or symptoms.
The research pointed to multiple reasons why victims/survivors are unwilling or unable to access appropriate healthcare, many of which relate to the general weaknesses in the provision of healthcare and are therefore not specific to men and boys. However, some of the barriers identified were more gender-specific and often underpinned by factors including a lack of awareness that men and boys (as well as women and girls) can suffer CRSV; lack of understanding of the gender differentiated harms that can result from sexual violence; and deep-rooted cultural constructs of masculinity and sexuality which not only affect attitudes of healthcare workers towards male victims/survivors, but also profoundly influence the way in which harms are internalised by affected individuals, as well as the ways in which their families and communities respond to them. The report identifies barriers to healthcare at four levels: structural, organisational, community and individual:
Structural-level barriers
- Uneven availability of basic medical and mental healthcare and of specialised care. Remote and rural areas are particularly poorly served, and there is a lack of availability of specialist services for victims/survivors of sexual violence outside of larger urban areas. Long distances and prohibitive costs associated with travel were repeatedly highlighted by interviewees as a significant barrier to accessing healthcare.
- Lack of clarity over requirements on healthcare workers to report sexual violence. Although health workers are required to notify rule of law authorities about incidents of sexual violence, there was confusion about reporting obligations and reluctance to report for fear of retaliation by armed actors which may present an obstacle to victims/survivors accessing appropriate protection, legal services and other support.
- Challenges in the design and delivery of psychosocial support. The importance of psychosocial support was stressed by victims/survivors and key informants, but there was also criticism of the design, scope and approach of the support offered under PAPSIVI and of psychosocial support offered by the Victims Unit. Victims/survivors described multiple obstacles involved in engaging in a lengthy and bureaucratic process for registering with the Victims Unit, which is necessary for accessing both programmes, and of the temporary, often short-term and non-specialist (both in terms of CRSV and gender) support offered.
- Non-gender inclusive policies, protocols and guidelines on healthcare support to victims/survivors of sexual violence. The limited recognition that men and boys can be victims/survivors of sexual violence is reflected in the limited or lack of attention to male victims/survivors in various healthcare-related policies and guidance including the 2012 “Protocol and Model of Comprehensive Health Care for Victims of Sexual Violence Protocol” (Sexual Violence Protocol).
Organisational-level barriers
- Limited awareness and expertise among healthcare workers to recognise and respond appropriately to male victims/survivors. Key informants pointed to lack of knowledge and expertise among health professionals on responding to sexual violence in general and of recognising the signs or knowing how to respond appropriately to male victims/survivors, including those with diverse SOGIESC. Inadequate training was considered to significantly contribute to this problem. There was concern that the system of compulsory social service, under which all graduates of higher education health programmes are required to spend six months to one year in health facilities in socio-economically deprived areas or areas where health services are difficult to access, including conflict-affected areas, means that CRSV victims/survivors may be treated by medical personnel who are insufficiently trained or experienced.
- Negative attitudes and behaviours among health workers towards male victims/survivors, including discrimination and homophobia. Almost all interviewed victims/survivors pointed to negative attitudes or behaviours by healthcare workers as a significant barrier to seeking care. Those who had sought healthcare described experiences of being treated in a stigmatising, homophobic or otherwise discriminatory manner by doctors, nurses or other staff working in health facilities. Many reported being asked insensitive or inappropriate questions or being asked for information about the incident of CRSV which they found irrelevant and re-victimising.
- Under-resourced and ill-equipped healthcare facilities and high staff turnover resulting in loss of expertise and experience, and disruption in care continuity. High levels of staff turnover contribute to the loss of any expertise or experience that has been built and disruption in the continuity of care of victims/survivors. According to some key informants a range of factors may contribute to making placements in remote/conflict-affected areas unattractive, including under-resourced and ill-equipped health facilities which can lack even basic diagnostic tests for HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) kits and STI screening and treatment.
- Lack of respect for confidentiality and privacy of victims/survivors. Lack of privacy in healthcare facilities and lack of respect for patient confidentiality by healthcare workers, were seen as significantly contributing to the reluctance of victims/survivors to seek medical and other health care.
Community-level barriers
- Insecurity resulting from the presence of non-state armed groups which restricts travel and access to services. Almost all interviewed victims/survivors said that they had been threatened with death or other harm to themselves or their families by those responsible for subjecting them to CRSV if they reported what had happened or sought help, and that this had prevented many of them from seeking emergency medical treatment. State-provided protection was considered inadequate.
- Negative community attitudes towards victims/survivors and resulting stigmatisation. At a community level, stigmatisation or fear of it, creates an environment which can make it difficult for victims/survivors to trust those around them and thereby acts as a hinderance to seeking support and can result in social exclusion, judgement and stigma.
- Fear of negative reactions by family and of breakdown of family relationships. In addition to fears about negative reactions from the wider community, there were concerns about the impact of CRSV on family relationships. Interviewed victims/survivors described said that they feared rejection by their families or that they would be blamed or and/or considered gay if family members found out they had been subjected to CRSV.
Individual-level barriers
- Internalised shame and self-stigmatisation. Self-stigmatisation and feelings of shame and embarrassment were common among the interviewed victims/survivors and had not only prevented them from telling family and friends, but also made them reluctant to seek healthcare or disclose what had happened to them if they did. In some cases, where medical care was sought, feelings of shame had prevented them from disclosing what had happened to them or from attending follow-up appointments or completing a course of treatment.
- Lack of knowledge of services. To the extent that healthcare services for victims/survivors of sexual violence are available, male victims/survivors are often not aware of them, do not have information about how to access them, or believe they are only for women and girls. The lack of knowledge of where and how to access specialised services for male victims/survivors was also shared by some key informants.
Survivor-centred healthcare from the perspective of research participants
Male victims/survivors and key informants were asked what, in their view, survivor-centred care for victims/survivors of CRSV should look like. Issues considered crucial by victims/survivors included:
- Recognition of the sexual victimisation of men and boys: Victims/survivors highlighted the need for recognition by State institutions that both heterosexual cisgender men and boys as well as those with diverse SOGIESC have been victims of CRSV and the need to dispel myths surrounding this form of violence that contribute to shame and stigma and thus prevent men and boys from accessing healthcare services.
- Being treated with respect: Victims/survivors said that they wanted to be heard, listened to and treated with “humanity”, “empathy” and “dignity”. They wanted their individual needs to be considered, and did not want to feel judged, be mocked, gossiped about, or to have assumptions made about their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.
- Not to be discriminated against including on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity: Several victims/survivors who identified as gay or bisexual said that they wanted to be treated by healthcare workers who understood them and the discrimination that they face.
- Understanding social, cultural and regional differences: Male victims/survivors said that the design of healthcare services should take into account socio-cultural and regional differences of victims/survivors. They emphasised the need to provide services that consider the ethnic and cultural diversity and other context-specific realities of life in each region and that outreach strategies and services should also be designed to take account of differing levels of security in a specific area and of logistical issues.
- Early interventions for boys: Victims/survivors particularly emphasised the importance of working with boy victims/survivors (and their families) while they were still young, with several noting that they had not received adequate, timely, survivor-centred support as children and did not want others to face the same ongoing difficulties they did.
- Being treated by trained, experienced medical personnel and other healthcare workers: There was consensus on the importance of being treated by professionals who are trained in and have experience of working with victims/survivors of CRSV. The need for holistic care and of not being referred from one place to another and of having to repeat their experiences of sexual violence to multiple different people was also stressed.
- Respect for confidentiality: The need for greater respect for confidentiality and privacy was strongly emphasised.
- Participation of victims/survivors: Victims/survivors emphasised that a survivor-centred approach requires the involvement of those who have experienced CRSV at all stages of the response, from design and implementation to monitoring and evaluation. Concerns were raised about the lack or limited representation of male victims/survivors of CRSV in bodies and processes that would enable such participation.
- Peer support from other victims/survivors: The importance of peer support was emphasised, with victims/survivors speaking about how they had benefitted from being members of survivor networks through which they could meet, talk and be supported by others who had shared and could therefore understand their experience and that this had also helped them to realise that they were not the only ones who had been subjected to CRSV.
- Understanding their rights and how to access them: The importance of knowing their rights and of being given both the necessary information and support to access them was emphasised. This point related particularly to the right to reparation where many victims/survivors had found it difficult to make sense of and to access reparative measures to which they were entitled.
The following priorities emerged from key informants:
- The importance of an individualised approach: The need for health care and other support to victims/survivors to be individualised was widely recognised among key informants.
- Employing a differential approach: Key informants highlighted the importance of a differential approach that considers not only individual experiences, but also factors including age, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity and socio-economic status and the ways in which these impact on how harms are experienced, and healing occurs.
- Considerations for boys: Key informants stressed the importance of listening, taking time and being patient. Having time to build trust was emphasised to help “break the silence” of younger victims/survivors, and it was also noted that healthcare professionals should be sufficiently skilled and empowered to ask sensitive questions and to be able to provide and guide care and referrals.
- Respect for confidentiality: Key informants reflected on how lack of confidentiality affected the care received by victims/survivors and could prevent them from accessing services in the first place or continuing with treatment.
Recommendations
The healthcare needs of victims/survivors of CRSV are pressing and many have already waited many years to receive the care and support they require and have a right to. In the long-run proposed government plans to strengthen the healthcare provision, including in remote and rural areas where many CRSV victims/survivors live, and to reform PAPSIVI (by integrating it into the regular healthcare system) offer important opportunities to strengthen healthcare provision for CRSV victims/survivors.
However, healthcare for victims/survivors must be addressed as a matter of urgency and should not have to wait for agreement on proposed reforms. Moreover, the success of any measures, whether immediate or longer-term, will depend in large part on the extent to which they are genuinely survivor-centred. At present there appears to be a significant gap between understandings and expectations of what is entailed in a survivor-centred approach to healthcare for CRSV victims/survivors and what is available in practice. It will also be dependent on how far they are informed by those who have experienced CRSV, including women, girls, men and boys and people with diverse SOGIESC, who must be must be central in any process to strengthen healthcare responses.
In contribution to these discussion ASP recommends that, as a starting point, the Colombian government supports intensified efforts to document CRSV and to build public recognition of its scale and the way in which it has been used to target different populations and the resulting harms. Dedicated resources should be provided to improve documentation of CRSV against men and boys, including those with diverse SOGIESC, in order to provide a more complete picture of patterns and harms resulting from it and to better inform prevention, healthcare, justice and other responses, and to ensure recognition of all victims/survivors.
Structural-level recommendations
- Ensure availability and accessibility of timely, quality, survivor-centred primary healthcare services including in conflict-affected areas, and of easily accessible specialised medical care for all CRSV victims/survivors. This should include, accelerating efforts to strengthen primary healthcare, particularly in remote and rural areas, to ensure the availability of gender-competent, survivor-centred emergency medical and mental health care for victims/survivors of CRSV; ensuring quicker and easier referrals to specialist care for all victims/survivors of sexual violence; ensuring that specialised physical and mental health care for victims/survivors of CRSV is available within all facilities providing more complex healthcare; and undertaking a review of the merits of establishing a network of “one-stop” sexual violence centres in which all services (medical, MHPSS and legal support) are available/accessible in a single location.
- Ensure that all victims/survivors of CRSV, including men and boys have access to emergency and longer-term MHPSS services and that these services are designed to respond to the specific needs of CRSV victims/survivors and to take account of their individual experiences and differential needs according to gender, age, SOGIESC, ethnicity and other variables.
- Ensure that the costs of transport and other travel-related expenses do not constitute a barrier to healthcare for victims/survivors of CRSV.
- Clarify requirements on healthcare workers to report incidents of sexual violence to judicial and other authorities and ensure that all relevant personnel receive guidance about training on them.
- Ensure that all victims/survivors of CRSV can access the reparations, including medical, mental health and psychosocial care, to which they are entitled under Colombia’s domestic reparations programme, including by streamlining and making more accessible the Victims Unit’s registration process; ensuring that all officials responsible for taking or analysing victim/survivor registration statements are trained in identifying, supporting and responding to individuals who may have been subjected to CRSV, including men and boys; accelerating the reform of PAPSIVI to ensure that the necessary resources, capacity and skills are rapidly put in place to provide long-term, gender-competent, age-appropriate psychosocial support to all victims/survivors of CRSV and; pending these reforms, ensuring that victims/survivors can access the psychosocial care that they require in timely fashion, for as long as is needed.
- Review all policies, protocols and guidance relevant to the treatment of victims/survivors of sexual violence, including the 2012 Sexual Violence Protocol, to ensure that they are gender-inclusive and responsive to the gender, age- and socio-cultural specific impacts and needs of victims/survivors, including men and boys.
Organisational-level recommendations
- Ensure that all healthcare workers and other personnel who may come into contact with victims/survivors of CRSV are fully trained on survivor-centred healthcare practices related to the treatment of victims/survivors of sexual violence, including men and boys. Healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses and others performing compulsory social service, should be trained on the clinical management of sexual violence before their deployments. All training should address the evolving capacities of the child and negative attitudes towards male victims/survivors and provide healthcare workers and others working in healthcare facilities with the knowledge and skills to respond to all victims/survivors with dignity, respect and empathy.
- Ensure that all healthcare facilities, including primary health posts, are equipped with basic medical supplies, including HIV diagnostic tests, kits to provide post-exposure prophylaxis and STI screening and treatment. Healthcare workers should also be trained in the use of these kits and diagnostic tools.
- Ensure that victim/survivor confidentiality and privacy is respected throughout the care pathway. Training and other measures should be put in place to ensure that healthcare workers comply with provisions in the Sexual Violence Protocol to respect patient confidentiality and privacy at all times. Healthcare facilities should be designed so that they can be accessed discreetly and consultations and treatment provided in private spaces.
Community-level recommendations
- Put in place effective measures to guarantee the security and safety of victims/survivors of CRSV and ensure measures are in place to protect healthcare workers and healthcare facilities including by reviewing the effectiveness of existing protection measures for victims/survivors of CRSV and increasing resources and strengthen capacities to ensure the protection of victims/survivors of CRSV against retaliation by parties to the armed conflict and other risks, to enable victims/survivors to safely access healthcare and to participate fully in justice and other processes.
- Work with conflict-affected communities to increase awareness of the vulnerability of men and boys to CRSV and reduce stigmatisation, and to strengthen community mechanisms of protection and support. Dialogues with community and religious leaders and other community-members should take place to sensitise them to and raise awareness of sexual violence against men and boys, including those with diverse SOGIESC, and to help reshape discriminatory gender discourse and harmful patriarchal norms and stereotypes.
- All community-based health promotion activities should include information about sexual violence against men and boys including those with diverse SOGIESC. Outreach and information materials and messages should be provided in local languages and developed in consultation with victims/survivors, including men and boys from the area to ensure that they are context-appropriate and take account of local social and cultural practices and beliefs.
Individual-level recommendations
- Provide culturally sensitive, gender-specific, long-term support to male victims/survivors to help them overcome feelings of self-stigmatisation and blame. Victims/survivors should be offered support that is safe, voluntary and led by them, to address self-stigmatisation and guilt that is often associated with the experience of sexual violence, as well as personal confusion about their sexual identity and/or orientation and the negative way in which this can impact on their sense of themselves and relations with others.
- Raise awareness among male victims/survivors of CRSV of their rights to healthcare and reparations and of available medical and MHPSS services and how to access them, as well as the protocols in place to protect their safety and security (e.g., confidentiality protocols). Awareness raising campaigns should be coordinated among all relevant government and non-governmental stakeholders including from the health, GBV, child protection, justice and rule of law sectors and consideration given to the most appropriate means of communication (in person, social media, TV, radio etc.) according to local contexts, languages and culture.
- Provide funding and other support to strengthen male victim/survivor networks in order to ensure male victims/survivors can benefit from peer support to help them come to terms with their experiences of CRSV as well peer support in navigating the healthcare system, justice, reparations and protection processes, and empower them to engage with and influence the design and implementation of these services and processes.
References[+]
1↑ | Statutory Health Law 1751 of 2015, (Spanish only), article 6, https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad_Nuevo/Ley%201751%20de%202015.pdf |
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2↑ | Statutory Health Law 1751 of 2015, article 11. |
3↑ | Law 1719 of 2014 on Access to Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence, Especially Sexual Violence During the Armed Conflict, articles 23 and 24. |